This 19th century cement works used local limestone as its rprilncipal raw material.
SITEASS
Cement is a calcinated mixture of lime and clay ground into a powder. When water is added it can be used for joining building materials together or for making concrete. Cement was known in Roman times. An underwater cement was devised by John Smeaton for Eddystone lighthouse in 1756. James Parker was granted a patent in 1796 for 'Roman' cement. Joseph Aspdin (1779-1855) of Leeds made the first artificial cement, called it Portland Cement and patented it in 1824. Louis Vicat of France determined the chemical formula for cement containing natural limestone in 1839. In 1844 Isaac Johnson discovered the modern method of making Portland cement and the use of concrete as a building material stems from this date. In 1854 reinforced concrete was developed to overcome the weakness of cement (William Jones, 1996, Dictionary of Industrial Archaeology, AJ Francis, 1977, The Cement Industry 1796-1914: a history, PE Halstead, 1961-2, The early history of Portland Cement, Newcomen Society Transactions 34 (1961-2), 37).
Site Type: Broad
Cement Manufacturing Site
SITEDESC
C19 cement works used local limestone in the manufacture of cement. {1}
Site Name
South Hylton, Cement Works
Site Type: Specific
Cement Works
HER Number
4990
Form of Evidence
Documentary Evidence
Sources
<< HER 4990 >> I. Ayris, The River Wear Trail Board Fourteen - South Hylton
3rd edition Ordnance Survey map, 1919
YEAR1
2001
English, British
AREA_STAT
Register of Parks and Gardens Grade II*, Conservation Area
Class
Religious Ritual and Funerary
COMP1
Jennifer Morrison
Crossref
4985-4988
DAY1
13
District
Gateshead
Easting
417180
Grid ref figure
8
Map Sheet
NZ15NE
MONTH1
3
Grid Reference
NZ
Northing
558240
General Period
POST MEDIEVAL
Specific Period
Hanoverian 1714 to 1837
Place
Gibside
Description
At the west end of the mile long terrace-avenue of grass stands the Chapel, which is also a mausoleum, a gem of Georgian architecture designed by James Paine. It is built of pale grey Streatlam stone in the shape of a Greek cross, with the west-end forming an Ionic portico approached by two flights of balustraded steps. A dome is carried on four arches on the barrel-vaulted arms of the plan. The shafts of Corinthian columns are of fine buff stone with handsome markings. A domed aisle fills each corner. The altar is placed centrally under the dome. The pulpit is an unusual one of three decks placed beneath the western arch with a stove, and benches behind for a choir. The mausoleum is underneath the chapel. A vault is formed by a groined arch around the side of which are eleven niches arranged in a semi-circle. The chapel was begun for George Bowes in 1760, and completed and consecrated in 1812. LISTED GRADE 1
Site Type: Broad
Place of Worship
SITEDESC
Designed by James Paine {1}. At the west end of the mile long terrace-avenue of grass stands the Chapel which is also a mausoleum, a gem of Georgian architecture designed by James Paine. It is built of pale grey Streatlam stone in the shape of a Greek cross, with the west-end forming an Ionic portico approached by two flights of balustraded steps. The interior is beautiful. A dome is carried on four arches on the barrel-vaulted arms of the plan. The shafts of Corinthian columns are of fine buff stone with handsome markings. A domed aisle fills each corner. The altar is placed centrally under the dome. The pulpit is an unusual one of three decks placed beneath the western arch with a stove, and benches behind for a choir. The mausoleum is underneath the chapel. A vault is formed by a groined arch around the side of which are eleven niches arranged in a semi-circle. The chapel was begun for George Bowes in 1760, and was completed and consecrated in 1812 {2}.
Site Name
Gibside Estate, Gibside Chapel
Site Type: Specific
Chapel
SITE_STAT
Listed Building Grade I
HER Number
4989
Form of Evidence
Extant Building
Sources
<< HER 4989 >> JD/JM, The Industrial History of the Derwent Walk Country Park -Historic Environment Record
History of Whickham Pamphlet
M. Wills, 1994, Gibside and the Bowes family; Gateshead Council, 1999, Conservation Area Policy Guidelines, Strategies and Character Statements, Gibside Conservation Area, pp 51-53
YEAR1
2001
English, British
AREA_STAT
Register of Parks and Gardens Grade II*, Conservation Area
Class
Transport
COMP1
Jennifer Morrison
COMP2
Jennifer Morrison
Crossref
4985-4989
DAY1
13
DAY2
27
District
Gateshead
Easting
417860
Grid ref figure
8
Map Sheet
NZ15NE
MONTH1
3
MONTH2
2
Grid Reference
NZ
Northing
558770
General Period
POST MEDIEVAL
Specific Period
Hanoverian 1714 to 1837
Place
Gibside
Description
By 1747 the existing stables next to Gibside House were proving inadequate. Bowes decided to build new stables away from the house in the form of the fashionable stable block around a courtyard. Mention of the new stables was made in the cash accounts of March 1747, and the foundations were laid in November 1747. The building was designed by Daniel Garrett. The Palladian east front of the building had a central doorway set in a five bay façade. The door was flanked by niches linked by blank arcades. Decorative niches ornamented the lower storeys of the outer bays and a parapet masked most of the roof. Wings on either side of the Palladian centrepiece were set back and had the appearance of pavilions. The south side of the quadrangle was the main entrance and had two tall wooden doors. Another arched entrance on the west side meant that a coach could enter through one gateway and exit through the other without reversing. The groom's lodging was beside and over the southern entrance. There was a granary on the first floor. The upper floors were used for storing hay and fodder. There was standing for at least 20 horses and coach houses on the west side of the courtyard. Conservation and conversion work began in 2004.
SITEASS
Listed on English Heritage's Register of Buildings at Risk 2002. Listed as being in poor condition. Priority C. National Trust are preparing a conversion/restoration scheme. Recorded by Northern Counties Archaeological Services in 2002 in advance of restoration.
Site Type: Broad
Road Transport Site
SITEDESC
Designed by Daniel Garrett {1}. By 1747 the existing stables next to Gibside House were proving inadequate. Bowes decided to build new stables away from the house in the form of the fashionable stable block. He chose to build a stable block around a courtyard. The mention of the new stables was in the cash accounts of March 1747. The foundations were laid in November 1747. The Palladian east front of the building had a central doorway set in a five bay façade. The door was flankined by niches linked by blank arcades. Decorative niches ornamented the lower storeys of the outer bays and a parapet masked most of the roof. Wings on either side of the Palladian centrepiece were set back and had the appearance of pavilions. The south side of the quadrangle was the main entrance and had two tall wooden doors. Another arched entrance on the west side meant that a coach could enter through one gateway and exit through the other without reversing. The groom's lodging was beside and over the southern entrance. There was a granary on the first floor. The upper floors were used for storing hay and fodder. There was standing for at least 20 horses and coach houses on the west side of the courtyard {2}. Archaeologically recorded in 2002. Conservation and conversion work began in 2004. In 2013 the cobbled stableyard was recorded. It is decorated with a star pattern. Four evaluation trenches were excavated in the yard and outside the south wall of the stable block. A subsequent watching brief recorded a water-fed horse trough and a cobbled apron outside the stableyard.
Site Name
Gibside Estate, Stables
Site Type: Specific
Coach House
SITE_STAT
Listed Building Grade II*
HER Number
4988
Form of Evidence
Ruined Building
Sources
<< HER 4988 >> JD/JM, The Industrial History of the Derwent Walk Country Park -Historic Environment Record
M Wills, 1995, Gibside and the Bowes family
S. Wardle & J. Nolan, 2002, The Stable Block, Gibside, Tyne and Wear Structural Recording; Gateshead Council, 1999, Conservation Area Policy Guidelines, Strategies and Character Statements, Gibside Conservation Area, pp 51-53; Archaeological Research Services, 2013, Gibside Stable Block, Gateshead - Archaeological Recording, Evaluation and Watching Brief
YEAR1
2001
YEAR2
2014
English, British
AREA_STAT
Register of Parks and Gardens Grade II*, Conservation Area
Class
Gardens Parks and Urban Spaces
COMP1
Jennifer Morrison
Crossref
4985-4989
DAY1
13
District
Gateshead
Easting
418160
Grid ref figure
8
Map Sheet
NZ15NE
MONTH1
3
Grid Reference
NZ
NMRNUMBER
NZ 15 NE 25
Northing
558620
General Period
POST MEDIEVAL
Specific Period
Hanoverian 1714 to 1837
Place
Gibside
Description
This Gothic banqueting hall by Daniel Garrett was recently restored by the Landmark Trust. The Banqueting Hall was built in the florid Gothic style with ornamented crockets and a pointed spire rising above the front entrance. The windows were glazed in geometrical patterns. A staircase led to the roof for a fine view. The interior consisted of a spacious dining hall with ornamented ceiling. The floor of pine was laid so that not a nail hole or mark was visible. At each end mirrors were placed in the walls giving an impression of almost endless length. It is first mentioned in accounts in 1741, and referred to in later records as "the Gothick Building". The plasterwork was by Philip Daniel, a Swiss stuccatore. He worked at Gibside from 1743 to 1744. LISTED GRADE 1
Site Type: Broad
Garden Building
SITEDESC
Gothic banqueting hall by Daniel Garrett. Recently restored by the Landmark Trust {1}. The Banqueting Hall was built in the florid Gothic style with ornamented crockets and a pointed spire rising above the front entrance. The windows were glazed in geometrical patterns. A staircase led to the roof for a fine view. The interior consisted of a spacious dining hall with ornamented ceiling. The floor of pine was laid so that not a nail hole or mark was visible. At each end mirrors were placed in the walls giving an impression of almost endless length of table and guests Referred to in records as "the Gothick Building". First mentioned in accounts in 1741. The plasterwork was by Philip Daniel, a Swiss stuccatore. He worked at Gibside from 1743 to 1744 {2}.
Site Name
Gibside Estate, Banqueting Hall
Site Type: Specific
Banqueting House
SITE_STAT
Listed Building Grade I
HER Number
4987
Form of Evidence
Extant Building
Sources
<< HER 4987 >> JD/JM, The Industrial History of the Derwent Walk Country Park -Historic Environment Record
History of Whickham Pamphlet
M. Wills, 1994, Gibside and the Bowes family; Gateshead Council, 1999, Conservation Area Policy Guidelines, Strategies and Character Statements, Gibside Conservation Area, pp 51-53
YEAR1
2001
English, British
AREA_STAT
Register of Parks and Gardens Grade II*, Conservation Area, Site of Special Scientific Interest
Class
Gardens Parks and Urban Spaces
COMP1
Jennifer Morrison
CONDITION
Good
Crossref
4985-4989
DAY1
13
District
Gateshead
Easting
417940
Grid ref figure
8
Map Sheet
NZ15NE
MONTH1
3
Grid Reference
NZ
Northing
559120
General Period
POST MEDIEVAL
Specific Period
Hanoverian 1714 to 1837
Place
Gibside
Description
This 12 feet high statue of British Liberty, standing on a 140 feet high column was erected by local labour in 1757 at a cost of £2000. The statue was carved by Christopher Richardson from a block of stone at the top of the column. The column was truly monumental. There was a sturdy pedestal, and rising above it 51 courses of greyish buff stone forming an elegant Roman Doric column. On the abacus was a drum with a tall capstan-shaped support for the statue of Liberty. She was dressed in classical drapery. Her left hand held the folds of her skirt, and her right the staff of Maintenance and cap of Liberty. The statue was built at a time of exubererant nationalism. 1745 saw the publication of "Rule Brittannia" and the introduction of "God Save the King". Brittannia was closely associated with Liberty. Nowhere in the Gibside records was the statue referred to as "British Liberty" and this description must have grown up as part of the patriotic feeling of the time. LISTED GRADE 1
Site Type: Broad
Sculpture
SITEDESC
12ft high statue of British Liberty, standing on a 140ft high column. Erected by local labour in 1757 at a cost of £2000. The statue was carved by Christopher Richardson from a block of stone at the top of the column {1}. The column was truly monumental. There was a sturdy pedestal, and rising above it 51 courses of greyish buff stone forming an elegant Roman Doric column. On the abacus was a drum with a tall capstan-shaped support for the statue of Liberty. She was dressed in classical drapery. Her left hand held the folds of her skirt, and her right the staff of Maintenance and cap of Liberty. The statue was built at a time of exubererant nationalism. 1745 saw the publication of "Rule Brittannia" and the introduction of "God Save the King". Brittannia was closely associated with Liberty. Nowhere in the Gibside records was the statue referred to as "British Liberty" and this description must have grown up as part of the patriotic feeling of the time {2}.
Site Name
Gibside Estate, Statue of British Liberty
Site Type: Specific
Statue
SITE_STAT
Listed Building Grade I
HER Number
4986
Form of Evidence
Structure
Sources
<< HER 4986 >> JD/JM, The Industrial History of the Derwent Walk Country Park -Historic Environment Record
M Wills, 1995, Gibside and the Bowes family; Paul Usherwood, Jeremy Beach and Catherine Morris, 2000, Public Sculpture of North East England, p 214-5; Gateshead Council, 1999, Conservation Area Policy Guidelines, Strategies and Character Statements, Gibside Conservation Area, pp 51-53
YEAR1
2001
English, British
AREA_STAT
Register of Parks and Gardens Grade II*, Conservation Area, Site of Special Scientific Interest
Class
Domestic
COMP1
Jennifer Morrison
COMP2
Jennifer Morrison
CONDITION
Poor
Crossref
4986, 4987, 4988, 5124-5126
DAY1
09
DAY2
07
District
Gateshead
Easting
417620
Grid ref figure
8
Map Sheet
NZ15NE
MONTH1
3
MONTH2
2
Grid Reference
NZ
NMRNUMBER
NZ 15 NE 5
Northing
558900
General Period
POST MEDIEVAL
Specific Period
Stuart 1603 to 1714
Place
Gibside
SAMNUMBER
32075
Description
The original Gibside Hall was built by William Blakiston between 1603 and 1620 as a three storey mansion. When George Bowes took possession of Gibside in 1693 he made changes to the hall, adding 14 sash windows, moving the kitchens and adding a library. Sir George Bowes (1701 - 1760), a founder of the Grand Allies of Durham Coal owners, developed the estate, commissioning the design of several buildings. He also seems to have been responsible for the landscaping of the grounds. The Hall was altered to two storeys with "battlements" by John Bowes in 1805. In 1805 the 10th Earl of Strathmore removed a storey, replacing it with a high battlemented parapet as we see it today. The windows of the four bays are divided by heavy stone mullions. The sun dial above the front porch bears the motto: "UTI HORA, SIC VITA" (as an hour, so is life). Over the door are the initials of William and Jane Blakiston with the date 1620 and his arms quartering Marley. Above are the Royal arms of James I, flanked by sculptured figures. During the 20th century the house fell into disrepair, culiminating in the removal of the roof tiles in the 1950s. The building is now a roofless shell, although the back of the house appears almost entire. A dendrochronology sample in 2002 gave a felling date of AD 1471 for an inserted lintel of reused timber. Consolidation work began in 2004. SCHEDULED ANCIENT MONUMENT AND LISTED GRADE 2*
SITEASS
Listed on English Heritage's Register of Buildings at Risk 2002. Listed as being in poor condition. Priority A. "Roofless shell in poor condition. Building is structurally unstable; requires stabilisation and consolidation works. The National Trust plans to consolidate the remains of hall, and EH grant has been awarded towards this in March 2001". Monument on the English Heritage Register of Buildings at Risk 2007, priority B - Immediate risk of further rapid deterioration or loss of fabric; solution agreed but not yet implemented. Heritage At Risk 2008, priority B (Immediate risk of further rapid deterioration or loss of fabric; solution agreed but not yet implemented), condition very bad. Roofless shell in poor condition. Building requires major stabilisation and consolidation works. The National Trust has undertaken works to improve public access to the immediate setting of the building but there remains a huge amount of remedial work to do on the actual building. Listed on English Heritage's Heritage At Risk Register 2009. Condition: very bad. Priority: A (immediate risk of further rapid deterioration or loss of fabric, no solution agreed). A roofless shell in poor condition. Building requires major stabilisation and consolidation works. The National Trust has undertaken works to improve public access to the setting of the building but there remains a huge amount of remedial work to do on the building. Listed on English Heritage's Heritage At Risk Register 2011. Fell into disrepair in early C20 and now a roofless shell in poor condition. Set in early/mid C18 park. The house requires major stabilisation and consolidation works.The National Trust has undertaken works to improve public access to the immediate setting of the building but there remains a huge amount of remedial work to do on the actual house.
Condition: very bad
Priority: A Immediate risk of further rapid deterioration or loss of fabric; no solution agreed. Heritage At Risk 2013: Condition: very bad, Occupancy: vacant/not in use
Priority: A Immediate risk of further rapid deterioration or loss of fabric; no solution agreed. Potential funding for a scheme of repairs is now being explored. HERITAGE AT RISK 2015: Large house/hall of 1603-20, enlarged C18 and altered
early C19. Fell into disrepair in early C20 and now a
roofless shell in poor condition. Set in early/mid C18 park.
The house requires major stabilisation and consolidation
works. Natural England has offered funding for the
preparation of a management plan and prioritised schedule
of repair works. CONDITION: VERY BAD PRIORITY: B Immediate risk of further rapid deterioration or loss of fabric; solution agreed but not yet implemented.
Site Type: Broad
House
SITEDESC
The original Gibside Hall was built between 1603 and 1620 as a three storey mansion and then altered to two storeys with "battlements" by John Bowes in 1805. Sir George Bowes (1701 - 1760), a founder of the Grand Allies of Durham Coal owners, developed the estate commissioning the design of several buildings. Bowes himself seems to have been responsible for the landscaping of the grounds. The hall itself is now a ruin, although the back of the house appears almost entire. Some of the contents of the hall may be seen at the Bowes Museum {1}. Gibside Hall was built by William Blakiston in 1620 in the reign of James I, possibly incorporating earlier parts, three storeys high and covered with grey slates. In 1805 the 10th Earl of Strathmore removed a storey, replacing it with a high battlemented parapet as we see it today. The windows of the four bays are divided by heavy stone mullions. The sun dial above the front porch bears the motto: "UTI HORA, SIC VITA" (as an hour, so is life). Over the door are the initials of William and Jane Blakiston with the date 1620 and his arms quartering Marley. Above are the Royal arms of James I, flanked by sculptured figures. The chimney piece in the drawing room depicted Samson and Hercules supporting a huge mantel shelf above which were the arms of the founder of the mansion {2}. A dendrochronology sample in 2002 gave a felling date of AD 1471. This sample was from an inserted lintel, and was reused timber. Gibside Hall is of three storeys and five bays with a central square projecting bay with a arched door. When George Bowes took possession of Gibside in 1693 he made changes to the hall, adding 14 sash windows, moving the kitchens and adding a library. On his death the estate passed to his daughter Mary Eleanor who added a further wing to the hall to improve kitchen offices. Her son, the 10th Earl of Strathmore also tried to improve the kitchens and removed the top storey and replaced it with a battlemented parapet. Gibside passed to his son John Bowes who lived in France and then to the 13th Earl of Strathmore who lived in Scotland/Hertfordshire {4}. During the 20th century the house fell into disrepair, culminating in the removal of the roof tiles in the 1950s. The building is now a roofless shell {4}. Daniel Garrett worked on Gibside for George Bowes.
Site Name
Gibside Estate, Gibside Hall
Site Type: Specific
Country House
SITE_STAT
Scheduled Monument, Listed Building Grade II*
HER Number
4985
Form of Evidence
Ruined Building
Sources
<< HER 4985 >> JD/JM, The Industrial History of the Derwent Walk Country Park -Historic Environment Record
History of Whickham Pamphlet
M. Wills, 1995, Gibside and the Bowes family
A.J Arnold, Dr R.R Laxton & Dr C.D. Litton, 2002, English Heritage, Tree Ring Analysis of timbers from Gibside Hall
P. Meadows & E. Waterson, 1993, Lost Houses of County Durham, pp 20-22; T. Faulkner and A. Greg, 1987, John Dobson Newcastle Architect 1787-1865, pp 15 and 63; Gateshead Council, 1999, Conservation Area Policy Guidelines, Strategies and Character Statements, Gibside Conservation Area, pp 51-53; Grace McCombie, 2009, Newcastle and Gateshead - Pevsner Architectural Guide, p. 13
SURVIVAL
20-39%
YEAR1
2001
YEAR2
2002
English, British
Class
Transport
COMP1
Jennifer Morrison
DAY1
09
District
Gateshead
Easting
418220
Grid ref figure
8
Map Sheet
NZ16SE
MONTH1
3
Grid Reference
NZ
Northing
561260
General Period
MEDIEVAL
Specific Period
Medieval 1066 to 1540
Place
Winlaton Mill
Description
Clockburn Lonnen was an ancient drove road from Scotland to Durham. The road turned inland here to cross the River Derwent and then to cross the River Tyne at Newburn, the lowest safe fords. The course of the former drove road can be followed alongside the new village of Winlaton Mill and through Land's Wood to Winlaton. This route was used by Oliver Cromwell and his army in 1650, on their way to the Battle of Dunbar {1}. By 15th July 1650, Cromwell's army was at Newcastle. The army had rested at Whickham for two days. The cannon and heavy baggage had been sent via Clockburn Lane, to ford the Derwent at Winlaton Mill, advancing by Birk Gate to Winlaton and Stella, to cross the Tyne at the east end of Stella Haughs, to meet the Protector and the main army on the north side of the Tyne.
Site Type: Broad
Road Transport Site
SITEDESC
Clockburn Lonnen was an ancient drove road from Scotland to Durham. The road turned inland here to cross the River Derwent and then to cross the River Tyne at Newburn, the lowest safe fords. The course of the former drove road can be followed alongside the new village of Winlaton Mill and through Land's Wood to Winlaton. This route was used by Oliver Cromwell and his army in 1650, on their way to the Battle of Dunbar {1}. By 15th July 1650, Cromwell's army was at Newcastle. The army had rested at Whickham for two days. The cannon and heavy baggage had been sent via Clockburn Lane, to ford the Derwent at Winlaton Mill, advancing by Birk Gate to Winlaton and Stella, to cross the Tyne at the east end of Stella Haughs, to meet the Protector and the main army on the north side of the Tyne.
Site Name
Clockburn Lonnen (Lane)
Site Type: Specific
Drove Road
HER Number
4984
Form of Evidence
Earthwork
Sources
<< HER 4984 >> JD/JM, The Industrial History of the Derwent Walk Country Park -Historic Environment Record; W. Bourn, 1896, History of the Parish of Ryton, p 80
YEAR1
2001
English, British
Class
Industrial
COMP1
Jennifer Morrison
Crossref
2340
DAY1
09
District
S Tyneside
Easting
435880
Grid ref figure
8
Map Sheet
NZ36NE
MATERIAL
Brick
MONTH1
3
Grid Reference
NZ
Northing
566900
General Period
POST MEDIEVAL
Specific Period
Victorian 1837 to 1901
Place
South Shields
Description
On the site of the former workshops related to the operation of Harton coal staiths and electric railway are the remains of a chimney, carrying a date stone of 1865. The surviving structure is approx 30 feet in height, and 10 feet by 10 feet in plan (internally approx. 5 feet by 5 feet). Built of brick with a fire brick lining, the chimney has a stone string course about 15 feet from the ground. There is a cement ashlar facing on the north face, to string course level. On the west and south faces are markings from former abutting buildings. The chimney has been reduced in height at some time. Flues can be seen within the walls about 7 feet and 10 feet from the ground. The lower areas of the interior are encrusted with deposits on the fire brick. The chimney is undoubtedly the sole surviving structure from the glassworks which stood on the site in the 19th century (HER ref. 2340). LOCAL LIST
Site Type: Broad
Industrial Building
SITEDESC
On the site of the former workshops related to the operation of Harton coal staiths and electric railway are the remains of a chimney, carrying a date stone of 1865. The surviving structure is approx. 30ft in height, and 10ft by 10ft in plan. Built of brick with a fire brick lining, the chimney has a stone string course at about 15ft from the ground. There is a cement ashlar facing on the north face, to string course level. On the west and south faces are markings from former abutting buildings. The chimney has been reduced in height at some time. Internally the chimney is approx. 5ft by 5ft in plan. Flues can be seen within the walls about 7 and 10ft from the ground. The lower areas of the interior are encrusted with deposits on the fire brick. The structure came to light when workshops on the site were being demolished by British Coal. The chimney, in recent times, had formed one corner of a building and had been enclosed by surrounding structures. The ashlar faced north side of the structure represents an external face of this arrangement. The chimney is undoubtedly the sole surviving structure from the Swineburne Glassworks which stood on the site in the 19th century (HER 2340) {1}. The glassworks chimney stood to its original height in 1938. It had been reduced to its present height by 1973.
Site Name
Cookson's Glassworks, chimney
Site Type: Specific
Chimney
SITE_STAT
Local List
HER Number
4983
Form of Evidence
Structure
Sources
<< HER 4983 >> I. Ayris, Chimney Remain near Mill Dam, South Shields
I. Ayris & S.M. Linsley, 1994, A Guide to the Industrial Archaeology of Tyne and Wear, p 47; North of England Civic Trust on behalf of South Tyneside Council, September 2006, Mill Dam Conservation Area; George B. Hodgson, 1996, Borough of South Shields (first published 1903); N. Pevsner, 1953, The Buildings of England: County Durham; SOUTH TYNESIDE LOCAL LIST REVIEW 2011:
REFERENCE NUMBER: LSHA/4/SS
YEAR1
2001
English, British
ADDITINF
Y
Class
Industrial
COMP1
Jennifer Morrison
COMP2
Jennifer Morrison
DAY1
09
DAY2
22
District
Newcastle
Easting
423700
Grid ref figure
6
Map Sheet
NZ26SW
MONTH1
3
MONTH2
12
Grid Reference
NZ
Northing
563000
General Period
POST MEDIEVAL
Specific Period
Victorian 1837 to 1901
Place
Elswick
Description
Richardson's Tannery, also known as Elswick Leather Works was located between Water Street and Dunn Street. Richardson's moved from Whitby to Tyneside in 1766 and opened the Elswick works in 1863. The firm became one of the area's leading concerns and the works continued in use until 1971. It was the last leather works on the north bank of the river.
SITEASS
Tanning is the conversion of animal hides and skins into leather by soaking them in a liquid containing tannin. Tanning was carried out in tanyards - open sided buildings with many large pits in which the hides were treated. Hair and wool was cleaned by soaking the hides in milk of lime. The pelts were then soaked in tannin (a vegetable material found in the bark of birch, elm, hemlock, larch, oak , spruce and willow). The bark is ground to a powder in a bark mill, then soaked in water for six to eight weeks to extract the tannic acid (leaching). The pelts were soaked for up to ten months in 'layer pits' containing tannin of different strength, starting with the weakest solution first, with pieces of oak bark between each pelt. After soaking, the pelts, now leather were then hand scrubbed and rolled with a weighted hand roller. In C19 wood-lined tanning drums were introduced to replace hand scrubbing. At the end of the century chromium was used to produce chrome leathers. The leather could be dyed by a currier (William Jones, 1996, Dictionary of Industrial Archaeology).
Site Type: Broad
Leather Industry Site
SITEDESC
Richardson's Tannery, also known as Elswick Leather Works was located between Water Street and Dunn Street. Richardson's moved from Whitby to Tyneside in 1766 and opened the Elswick works in 1863. The works occupied about 3 acres. The firm became one of the area's leading concerns and the works continued in use until 1971. It was the last leather works on the north bank of the river.
Site Name
Richardson's Tannery (Elswick Leather Works)
Site Type: Specific
Tannery
HER Number
4982
Form of Evidence
Documentary Evidence
Sources
<< HER 4982 >> Riverside Heritage, Lead, Leather and Gas; The Elswick Leather Works, Messrs. E and J Richardson, Proprietors, Descriptive Account of Newcastle, pp 61-2
YEAR1
2001
YEAR2
2005
English, British
Class
Transport
COMP1
Jennifer Morrison
DAY1
08
District
Sunderland
Easting
431290
Grid ref figure
8
Map Sheet
NZ35SW
MONTH1
3
Grid Reference
NZ
Northing
554090
General Period
POST MEDIEVAL
Specific Period
Victorian 1837 to 1901
Place
Fatfield
Description
A much needed bridge was built at Fatfield in 1891, to the design of D. Balfour. It carried the main road from Washington to Houghton until it was superseded by the new Chartershaugh Bridge, a short distance upstream.
Site Type: Broad
Road Transport Site
SITEDESC
A much needed bridge was built at Fatfield in 1891, to the design of D. Balfour. It carried the main road from Washington to Houghton until it was superseded by the new Chartershaugh Bridge a short way upstream.
Site Name
Fatfield, Bridge
Site Type: Specific
Road Bridge
HER Number
4981
Form of Evidence
Documentary Evidence
Sources
<< HER 4981 >> I. Ayris, River Wear Trail Board 20;